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G3C08

RADIO WAVE PROPAGATION · - Ionospheric regions; critical angle and frequency; HF scatter; near vertical incidence skywave (NVIS)

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Why are HF scatter signals in the skip zone usually weak?

  1. AOnly a small part of the signal energy is scattered into the skip zone
  2. BSignals are scattered from the magnetosphere, which is not a good reflector
  3. CPropagation is via ground waves, which absorb most of the signal energy
  4. DPropagation is via ducts in the F region, which absorb most of the energy
Why The skip zone is the ring between the end of ground wave coverage and where the first skywave hop lands, so no direct refracted signal reaches it. What you hear there is scatter: small amounts of energy randomly redirected by irregularities in the ionosphere, by the ground at the far end of the hop, or by the troposphere. Because only a tiny fraction of the transmitted power gets deflected back into that zone, the signal is weak, often watery sounding and fluttery.
Watch out The magnetosphere is far above the ionosphere and plays no role in normal HF scatter, and ground wave dies out well before the skip zone, so neither explains what you hear there.
Scatter = crumbs, not the loaf. Only a sliver of energy lands in the skip zone, so it sounds weak and watery.
HamSandwich explanation, first draft. The question and answers are the NCVEC text.
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The rest of G3C

  1. G3C01 Which ionospheric region is closest to the surface of Earth?
  2. G3C02 What is meant by the term "critical frequency" at a given incidence angle?
  3. G3C03 Why is skip propagation via the F2 region longer than that via the other ionospheric regions?
  4. G3C04 What does the term "critical angle" mean, as applied to radio wave propagation?
  5. G3C05 Why is long-distance communication on the 40-, 60-, 80-, and 160-meter bands more difficult during the day?
  6. G3C06 What is a characteristic of HF scatter?
  7. G3C07 What makes HF scatter signals often sound distorted?
  8. G3C08 Why are HF scatter signals in the skip zone usually weak?
  9. G3C09 What type of propagation allows signals to be heard in the transmitting station's skip zone?
  10. G3C10 What is near vertical incidence skywave (NVIS) propagation?
  11. G3C11 Which ionospheric region is the most absorbent of signals below 10 MHz during daylight hours?
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