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T3C08

RADIO WAVE PROPAGATION · Propagation modes: sporadic E, meteor scatter, auroral propagation, tropospheric ducting; F region skip; Line of sight and radio horizon

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What causes tropospheric ducting?

  1. ADischarges of lightning during electrical storms
  2. BSunspots and solar flares
  3. CUpdrafts from hurricanes and tornadoes
  4. DTemperature inversions in the atmosphere
Why Tropospheric ducting happens in the lowest part of the atmosphere, where a temperature inversion (warm air sitting above cooler, moister air) creates a sharp change in refractive index. VHF and UHF signals entering that layer at a shallow angle are bent back down and travel inside it like a waveguide, often giving contacts of several hundred miles on 144 MHz and above. It is a weather-driven, not sun-driven, mode, and is common along coastlines and after fair-weather high-pressure systems settle in.
Watch out Sunspots and solar flares drive ionospheric effects such as F region skip and auroral propagation, which happen far above the troposphere and mostly affect HF, not the low-altitude bending described here.
Tropo = troposphere = weather. Warm air over cool air makes a duct, like a pipe for VHF/UHF.
HamSandwich explanation, first draft. The question and answers are the NCVEC text.
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The rest of T3C

  1. T3C01 Why are simplex UHF signals rarely heard beyond their radio horizon?
  2. T3C02 What is a characteristic of HF communication compared with communications on VHF and higher frequencies?
  3. T3C03 What is one characteristic of VHF signals received via auroral backscatter?
  4. T3C04 Which of the following types of propagation is most commonly associated with occasional strong signals on the…
  5. T3C05 Which of the following effects may allow radio signals to travel beyond obstructions between the transmitting…
  6. T3C06 What type of propagation is responsible for allowing over-the-horizon VHF and UHF communications to ranges of…
  7. T3C07 What band is best suited for communicating via meteor scatter?
  8. T3C08 What causes tropospheric ducting?
  9. T3C09 What is generally the best time for long-distance 10-meter band propagation via the F region?
  10. T3C10 Which of the following bands may provide long-distance communications via the ionosphere's F region during th…
  11. T3C11 Why is the radio horizon for VHF and UHF signals more distant than the visual horizon?
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