What is the approximate maximum distance along the Earth's surface normally covered in one hop using the E region?
Why The E region sits roughly 60 to 70 miles up, so the geometry of a signal refracted there and returned to Earth limits one hop to about 1,200 miles. The higher F2 region, at 150 to 300 miles altitude, gives a longer hop of about 2,500 miles because the reflection point is farther above the ground and the take-off geometry reaches farther over the horizon.
Watch out The 2,500 mile figure is the classic single-hop F2 distance, not E region; 12,000 miles would require multiple hops or long path.
E is low so the hop is short: E = 1,200 miles, F2 = 2,500 miles. Higher layer, longer hop.