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E2D11

OPERATING PROCEDURES · Operating methods: digital modes and procedures for VHF and UHF; APRS; EME procedures; meteor scatter procedures

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How do APRS stations relay data?

  1. ABy packet ACK/NAK relay
  2. BBy C4FM repeaters
  3. CBy DMR repeaters
  4. DBy packet digipeaters
Why APRS is an AX.25 packet network, usually on 1200 baud AFSK at 144.390 MHz in the US. Coverage is extended by digipeaters, stations that receive a packet and immediately retransmit it on the same frequency, with the path set by aliases such as WIDE1-1 and WIDE2-1 that limit how many hops a packet takes. This unconnected (UI frame) broadcast approach lets one beacon reach many listeners and Internet gateways without any point to point link setup.
Watch out The choice about ACK/NAK relay describes connected-mode packet, where each frame is acknowledged; APRS deliberately uses unconnected beacons with no acknowledgment. C4FM and DMR are digital voice modes on their own repeater systems and do not carry standard APRS packets.
APRS = packet, and packet repeaters are digipeaters. Think WIDE1-1, WIDE2-1 hops on 144.390.
HamSandwich explanation, first draft. The question and answers are the NCVEC text.
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The rest of E2D

  1. E2D01 Which of the following digital modes is designed for meteor scatter communications?
  2. E2D02 What information replaces signal-to-noise ratio when using the FT8 or FT4 modes in a VHF contest?
  3. E2D03 Which of the following digital modes is designed for EME communications?
  4. E2D04 What technology is used for real-time tracking of balloons carrying amateur radio transmitters?
  5. E2D05 What is the characteristic of the JT65 mode?
  6. E2D06 Which of the following is a method for establishing EME contacts?
  7. E2D07 What digital protocol is used by APRS?
  8. E2D08 What type of packet frame is used to transmit APRS beacon data?
  9. E2D09 What type of modulation is used by JT65?
  10. E2D10 What does the packet path WIDE3-1 designate?
  11. E2D11 How do APRS stations relay data?
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